Anatomical terms you should know for our next class:

Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction: Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

Anterior tip of sternum: end of the breast bone nearest the head

Anterior: The portion of the body toward the head. Opposite the posterior portion.

Apical: The adjectival form of apex, which is the tip of a structure. The apical portion of a lepidopteran wing is the tip that is most anterior and farthest from the base (where the wing attaches to the body).

Axis: The imaginary line drawn from the tip of the head to the tip of the abdomen. Essentially equivalent to midline.

Basal: The adjectival form of base. The basal portion of a lepidopteran wing is the region closest to the point of attachment to the body.

Caudal: Pertaining to, situated in, or toward the tail or the hind part. Or below another structure.

Circumduction: The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc.

Contralateral: Taking place or originating in a corresponding part on an opposite side.

Cranial: Toward the head, as opposed to caudad.

Deep: Away from the exterior surface or further into the body, as opposed to superficial.

Depression: An area that is sunk below its surroundings; a hollow.

Distal: Farther from the axis of the body; opposite of proximal.

Dorsal: The side of the that is opposite the side with the legs and mouth parts. The upper surface when the animal is sitting at rest, opposite the ventral surface.

 Elevation: That which is raised up or elevated; as, a lifting above anatomical position.

Epiglottis: The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.

Eversion: The condition of being turned outward.

 Extension: (1)The act of straightening a limb.

External nares: An external opening in the nasal cavity of a vertebrate; a nostril.

Eyes: Either of a pair of hollow structures located in bony sockets of the skull, functioning together or independently, each having a lens capable of focusing incident light on an internal photosensitive retina from which nerve impulses are sent to the brain; the vertebrate organ of vision.

Flexion: The process of bending or the state of being bent. Flexion of the fingers results in a clenched fist.

Frontal plane: A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.

Genital papillae: external, visible portion of the vulva (female)

Hard palate: The relatively hard, bony anterior portion of the palate.

Hoof: The horny sheath covering the toes or lower part of the foot of a mammal

Horizontal: Parallel to the floor, a plane passing through the standing body parallel to the floor.

Inferior: In a lower position, relative to some other structure or region. Opposite of superior.

Inferolateral: Below and to one side. Both inferior and lateral.

Intermediate: Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as, an intermediate space or time

Inversion: 1) To turn inward. To invert the foot is to move its forepart toward the midline of the body.

Ipsilateral: On the same side. The opposite of contralateral (the other or opposite side). For example, a tumor involving the right side of the brain may affect vision ipsilaterally (that is, in the right eye).

Lateral pelvic tilt: standing “hip-shot”; lowering one side of the pelvis by bending one knee.

Lateral: On the side of a structure or body, away from the midline.

Mammary papillae: nipples; indicate how many mammary glands there are

Mandible: The lower jaw of a vertebrate animal.

Maxilla: Either of a pair of bones of the human skull fusing in the midline and forming the upper jaw.

Medial: The adjectival form of median, referring to the middle of the body or structure. If referring to the body, the medial line is equivalent to the midline. If referring to a wing, the middle of the wing.

Midline: A line drawn down the middle of the body, from anterior to posterior. Essentially equivalent to axis.

Opposition: (1) The act of opposing or resisting. (2) Placement opposite to or in contrast with another.

Oral cavity: mouth

Parietal: Adjective from the Latin "parietalis" meaning "belonging to the wall" that the ancient anatomists used to designate the wall, as of a body cavity. For examples, there are the:

Parietal bone -- the main side bone of the skull.
Parietal lobe -- the main side lobe of the brain (it is beneath the parietal bone).
Parietal pericardium -- the outer membrane around the heart.
Parietal peritoneum -- the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (as opposed to the visceral peritoneum that envelops the abdominal organs).

Pectoral: muscles of the "anterior chest" (the front of the chest).

Pelvic:  Having to do with the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones

Pinnae: the largely cartilaginous projecting portion of the external ear

Posterior: The portion of the body toward the abdomen and genital opening. Opposite the anterior portion.

Pronation: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down (and the corresponding movement of the foot and leg with the sole down), as opposed to supination.

Prone: With the front or ventral surface downward (lying face down), as opposed to supine.

Protraction: A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as, the protraction of a debate.

Proximal: Closer to the axis of the body; opposite of distal.

Retraction: The act of retracting or shortening; as, the retraction of a severed muscle; the retraction of a sinew. (b) The state or condition of a part when drawn back, or towards the center of the body.

Rotation: The act or process of turning around a center or an axis

Saggital plane: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back, that separates the body into left and right portions.

Sagittal: A vertical plane passing through the standing body from front to back. The mid-sagittal, or median plane, splits the body into left and right halves.

Scrotum: The external sac of skin enclosing the testes in most mammals.

Snout: The projecting nose, jaws, or anterior facial part of an animal's head.

Soft palate: The movable fold, consisting of muscular fibers enclosed in a mucous membrane, that is suspended from the rear of the hard palate and closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during swallowing or sucking.

Superficial: On the surface or shallow, as opposed to deep.

Superior: In a higher position, relative to some other structure or region, above. Opposite of inferior.

Supination: Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is upward (and the corresponding movement of the foot and leg), as opposed to pronation.

Supine: With the back or dorsal surface downward (lying face up), as opposed to prone.

Tail: The posterior part of an animal, especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body.

Terminal: Opposite to basal; the terminal portion of a lepidopteran wing is the region farthest from the point of attachment to the body (also called the outer margin.

Tongue: The fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, the principal organ of taste

Transversal plane: a horizontal plane passing through the standing body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor.

Transverse: Running across a structure or body. On segments of a caterpillar, a line running across a body segment from dorsal to ventral.

Umbilical artery: Carries oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus

Umbilical cord: The flexible cordlike structure connecting a fetus at the abdomen with the placenta and containing two umbilical arteries and one vein that transport nourishment to the fetus and remove its wastes.

Umbilical vein: Carries de-oxygenated blood from the fetus to the mother

Urogenital opening: opening in the skin for the urethra; allows for the wxpulsion of liquid wastes

Ventral: The underside of the animal when it is sitting at rest, Pertaining to the abdomen, opposite the dorsal side.

Vertical: Upright, as opposed to horizontal.

Visceral: Referring to the viscera, the internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (as the heart or lungs) or abdomen (as the liver, pancreas or intestines).